Ionisation fractions of sputtered titanium species at target and substrate region in HiPIMS
In this paper, the ground state number densities of titanium atom and ion, ionised density fraction and ionised flux fraction were determined. The effective branching fractions method was utilised to evaluate the number densities of sputtered species. The highest ionised density fraction of 90% was reached in the target region for 1.2% duty cycle. In the substrate region for a duty cycle below 2%, the ionised density fraction always reached at least 50%.
Plasma Sources Science and Technology 29 (2020) 055010